The world is full of suffering, it is also full of overcoming it. --Helen Keller
A Commentary on Companion Animal Pain
D. DeForge, VMD
"Today there is a better understanding of how pain develops and is perpetuated. It is now well established that animals and humans have similar neural pathways for the development, conduction, and modulation of pain. According to the principle of analogy, because cats and dogs have neural pathways and neurotransmittors that are similar, if not identical, to those of humans, it is highly likely animals experience pain similarly." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2007;43:235-248 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats.
Bad pain is a form of pain that is unfortunately not recognized by the pet owner. Bad Pain is pain that a pet lives with each and every day of its life and thinks that t this significant PAIN is NORMAL. The greatest tragedy is that of the pet believing the pain that is in their life is normal and they must live with it each and every day of their lives.
Examples of Bad Pain are:
Osteoarthritis
Oral Pain
Cancer
Gastrointestinal
Dermatological
Ear Infections
Ocular
Urogenital
Neurological
Orthopedic
Post-Surgical Pain
Dr. Alice Villalobos has created her Quality of Life Scale which centers on patient comfort and pain control. The Pawspice Reference in the chart is a reference to the first pet Hospice in the United States created by Dr. Villalobos.
See Table Below:
See Table Below:
Quality of Life Scale1 The HHHHHMM Scale
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Pet caregivers can use this Quality of Life Scale to determine the success of pawspice care. Score patients using a scale of 1 to 10.
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Score
|
Criterion
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H: 0 - 10 | HURT - Adequate pain control, including breathing ability, is first and foremost on the scale. Is the pet's pain successfully managed? Is oxygen necessary? |
H: 0 - 10 | HUNGER - Is the pet eating enough? Does hand feeding help? Does the patient require a feeding tube? |
H: 0 - 10 | HYDRATION - Is the patient dehydrated? For patients not drinking enough, use subcutaneous fluids once or twice daily to supplement fluid intake. |
H: 0 - 10 | HYGIENE - The patient should be brushed and cleaned, particularly after elmination. Avoid |
H: 0 - 10 | HAPPINESS - Does the pet express joy and interest? Is the pet responsive to things around him or her (family, toys, etc.)? Is the pet depressed, lonely, anxious, bored or afraid? Can the pet's bed be close to the family activities and not be isolated? |
M: 0 - 10 | MOBILITY - Can the patient get up without |
M: 0 - 10 | MORE GOOD DAYS THAN BAD - When bad days outnumber good days, quality of life might be compromised. When a healthy human-animal bond is no longer possible, the caregiver must be made aware the end is near. The decision needs to be made if the pet is suffering. If death comes peacefully and painlessly, that is okay. |
*TOTAL= | *A total >35 points is acceptable for a good pawspice |
1.Adapted by Villalobos, A.E., Quality of Life Scale Helps Make Final Call,
09/2004,for Canine and Feline Geriatric Oncology Honoring the Human-Animal
Bond, by Blackwell Publishing, Table 10.1, released 2006.
A Human Pain Scale
Chart Above--Human Pain Scale from the Internet-No source available.
Adaptation of a Human Pain Scale to Animal Pain is very difficult if not impossible.
Because there is no subjective pain definition in the companion animal it is not possible to easily rate pain as is done in a Human Pain Scale. We can tell the doctor, as humans, about our subjective pain [i.e. our symptom of pain]. We can state if it is mild, moderate, or severe. NOT so in animals. This objective v. subjective concept separates our objective observation of animal pain from the subjective definition of pain in the human species. An example is the difficulty in determining the severity and actual presence of Bad Pain in animals. Non-apparent yet quite severe bad pain is a challenge to the clinician. The pain of a broken leg can be defined in an animal. The pain of chronic pain that the animal lives with day after day after day with no or minimal objective physical signs of discomfort is of major concern. This is a problem necessitating the full and complementary effort of ER Doctor, general practitioner, specialist, and home pet advocate.
Dr. DeForge's Pain Scale for Dogs and Cats
Condition Centered
0-No pain; healthy patient
I-Mild Pain-
Early osteoarthritis-minimal discomfort on joint examination by the clinician
Minor Dermatitis
Early Periodontal Pathology
Mild Gastroenteritis
Conjunctivitis
Minor otitis
Minor Trauma
Tracheitis-Pharyngitis
Cystitis Acute
Early Cancer
Post Surgical Discomfort following elective surgery
II-Significant Pain-
Advancing osteoarthritis
Acute trauma to a tooth with pulp exposure
Advancing Periodontal Pathology
Open sores on skin with secondary infection-Pyotraumatic Pain
Consistent vomiting and/or diarrhea
Anal Sacculitis
Cystitis-Urethrtis-Vaginitis-Chronic and prolonged without treatment
Corneal ulcer or blunt trauma to eye and tissues surrounding the eye
Glaucoma-Acute or Chronic
Otitis Externa and or Media Advanced Inflammatory Pathology
Advancing Cancer
Multiple Trauma sites
Post Surgical Discomfort following major surgery
III-Severe Pain-
Multi-Centric Osteoarthritis and/or Spondylitis
Advanced Oral Disease with root abscessation
Multiple tooth fractures with pulp exposure
Cat Stomatitis
Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis in the Dog
Acute Necrotic Gangrenous and Ulcerative Periodontitis in the Dog
Deep Odontoclastic Osteoclastic Resorptive Lesions in the cat with pulp involvment
Trauma to mouth with pulp exposure or jaw fracture
Oral Cancer
Whole body pyoderma with excoriation
Anal Sac abscessation
Advanced Ocular Inflammation
Foreign body puncture of cornea involving anterior chamber
Foreign body: conjunctival in nature
Retrobulbar Abscess
Cancer
Tympanic Membrane Rupture
Trauma to long bones, chest, abdomen, or head
Intervertebral Disc Disease
ACL and Meninsal Problems of the knee
Urethral Obstruction
Gastric or Intestinal Foreign Body or Obstruction
Gastric Volvulus [Bloat]
Post Surgical Pain Following Lengthy Complex Surgery
Continual bloody emesis
Chronic bloody dysentery
Auto Accident-Shock multiple trauma sites
High Riser Fall-Multiple trauma sites
Crushing Injury to head, trunk, long bones
Terminal Cancer
Terminal Organ Failure-not cancer
Heart Failure
Acute Pulmonary Failure
Laryngeal Paralsis
Tracheal or Esophageal Foreign Body
Terminal Pulmonary Failure
Pneumo and/or Hemothorax
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Vascular pain-Emboli
Dr. Villalbos's Quality of Life Scale should be applied to all PAIN patients but definitely considered VITAL in the SEVERE PAIN CLASS III Patient. No pet should live in pain. If your pet is suffering from any of the conditions above ask for a consult with your local doctor of veterinary medicine and ask their help in the treatment of that pain. The AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines are a starting point for your doctor. There are also pain specialists in the United States that your doctor can contact for a Pain Control Consult and Review of Therapy.
Your doctor may want to consult with a doctor with a special interest in pain management [i.e. a member of the International Veterinary Academy of Pain Management].
FROM THE IVAPM WEBSITE: "The International Veterinary Academy of Pain Management is a multi-disciplinary organization that seeks to promote the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge related to the biology and clinical treatment of pain in animals. Stakeholders in this process include a wide cross-section of individuals.
The Academy seeks to: provide forums for communication among all interested parties of knowledge concerning the biology and treatment of animal pain, provide continuing education in the area of pain recognition and treatment, and establish a process whereby veterinarians with a special interest in the area of animal pain management can meet a set of prescribed objectives that will ultimately lead to certification in the management of animal pain.
Finally, the Academy seeks to promote humane, scientific investigation into the biology of animal pain and the assessment of the efficacy of defined treatment modalities."
There is a plethora of help for pain management in 2014. Pain can be controlled and quality of life achieved if the pet advocate learns fundamentals in evaluating their own pet for pain at home. All it takes is time and understanding of your pet's Quality of Life.
Examine Dr. Villalobos's HHHHHMM Scale above and then--look at your own companion. If your pet is aging or if your pet has a serious medical problem............ today is the day to begin charting change. Keep daily logs and share those logs on a weekly basis with your veterinarian. Pain control is not a medicine but it is a system of monitoring, evaluating, and prescribing.
The pain control system selected could range from physical therapy, to acupuncture, to multiple pharmaceuticals, and many other modules of pain care. There is not one pain system for each condition. The Pain Condition Chart that has been placed in this blog is for identification of severity. Within each area: Mild I; Significant II; and Severe III, each patient may perceive pain differently.
A patient in Mild Stage I Pain can have as serious a pain reaction as a Severe Stage III pain patient. A pet can jump from one stage to the next in just a few days necessitating different pain control. The only way to know where your pet is on the Pain Scale is to look at the Quality of Life Markers that Dr. Villalobos has so eloquently described.
The greatest act of kindness is removing pain from the companion that supplies unconditional love. If you are lost and cannot tell if your pet is in pain: Pick up the phone
and schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. Tell that doctor your concern and that you want to be certain you are not missing a vital pain marker. Working together the pain can be identified and removed.
The greatest act of kindness is removing pain from the companion that supplies unconditional love. If you are lost and cannot tell if your pet is in pain: Pick up the phone
and schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. Tell that doctor your concern and that you want to be certain you are not missing a vital pain marker. Working together the pain can be identified and removed.
Questions about this Blog?
Write to DoctorDeForge@yahoo.com
All questions will have a full reply when logged.
26May2014